Consumo de Castanha-do-Brasil reduz o N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO) e a inflamação em um paciente com síndrome cardiorrenal: uma comunicação breve / Brazil nut consumption reduces trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO) and inflammation in a patient with cardiorenal syndrome: a brief communication

Introdução: A disbiose intestinal é uma característica comum na síndrome cardiorrenal e está associada ao aumento de toxinas urêmicas, como o N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO), que estão envolvidas com a inflamação e mortalidade cardiovascular. A castanha-do-Brasil (semente típica brasileira) possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes, mas não há evidências dos seus efeitos na modulação da microbiota intestinal e redução de toxinas urêmicas. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do consumo de castanha-do-Brasil nos níveis de TMAO e marcadores de inflamação em um paciente com síndrome cardiorrenal. Métodos: Um paciente com doença arterial coronariana (66 anos e IMC, 26 kg/m2), estágio 3 da DRC (TFGe 36 mL/min), recebeu uma castanha-do-Brasil por dia durante três meses. Resultados: Os níveis plasmáticos de TMAO e a expressão de mRNA de NF-κB foram reduzidos e a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) aumentou após esta intervenção. Conclusão: A prescrição de castanha-do-Brasil pode ser uma estratégia promissora para mitigar as complicações relacionadas à síndrome cardiorrenal. Este caso apoia o conceito de "alimento como remédio" visando o fenótipo urêmico na síndrome cardiorrenal.

Introduction: Gut dysbiosis is a common feature in cardiorenal syndrome, and it is linked to increased uremic toxins, like trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO), which are involved with inflammation and cardiovascular mortality. Brazil nut (typical Brazilian seed) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but there is no evidence of the effects of gut microbiota modulation and reduction of uremic toxins. Objective: To assess the impact of Brazil nut consumption on TMAO levels and inflammation markers in a patient with cardiorenal syndrome. Methods: Acoronary artery disease patient(66 years and BMI, 26 kg/m2),stage-3 of CKD (eGFR 36 mL/min), receivedone Brazil nut per day for three months. Results: TMAO plasma levels and NF-κB mRNA expression were reduced, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased after this intervention. Conclusion: Brazil nut prescription may be a promising strategy to mitigate complications related tothe cardiorenal syndrome. This case supports the concept of "Food as medicine" targeting the uremic phenotype in cardiorenal syndrome.

Zhenwu Decoction:connotation interpretation based on severe cases and modern pathophysiological mechanisms and application in treatment of heart failure in critical care unit / 中国中药杂志

Zhenwu Decoction is recorded in Treatise on Febrile Diseases by an outstanding physician ZHANG Zhong-jing in the Han dynasty. With effect of warming yang, transforming Qi, and promoting urination, Zhenwu Decoction is mainly used to treat edema due to yang deficiency. The studies of the severe and critical cases and the pathophysiological mechanisms have demonstrated that the record of Zhenwu Decoction in Treatise on Febrile Diseases describes the clinical symptoms and therapeutic regimen of acute heart failure. The syndrome treated by this formula may be related to the misdiagnosis and wrong treatment. Due to the difficult distinguishing between cardiogenic dyspnea and pulmonary dyspnea, high doses of Ephedrae Herba may be misused for inducing sweating, which may finally lead to the acute aggravation of heart failure, electrolyte disorder, and pulmonary infection. The syndrome treated by Zhenwu Decoction can illustrate the lack of experience of ancient physicians in treating acute heart failure. The description of "trembling and shivering" may be the clinical manifestation of heart failure, which is an upgraded version of "trembling and shaking" treated by Linggui Zhugan Decoction.(1)In terms of diseases, Zhenwu Decoction is suitable for the treatment of acute or chronic heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and diuretic resistance. The decoction is especially suitable for treating whole heart failure, acute heart failure, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with the syndrome of sold and dampness. In addition, it can be used to treat both type Ⅱ and type Ⅳ cardiorenal syndrome.(2)In terms of symptoms, Zhenwu Decoction can be used for treating chest tightness, palpitations, lower limb edema, difficult urination or increased urine output, fear of cold, pale fat tongue with teeth marks, white and slippery tongue fur, and deep or slow pulse.(3)In terms of the pharmacological mechanism, Zhenwu Decoction treats heart failure following the principle of promoting urination, expanding blood vessels, and invigorating heart in modern medicine. Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praparata is the sovereign herb in the formula, with the recommended dosage of 30-60 g. However, arrhythmia may be caused by high doses of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praparata, which should be used with concern. In addition to Zhenwu Decoction, Shenqi Pills, Renshen Decoction, Wuling Powder, and Fangji Huangqi Decoction with the effect of invigorating spleen, replenishing Qi, warming Yang, and promoting urination can be used in the recovery stage. The therapy of reinforcing Yang was the last choice for critical cases due to the lack of medical conditions, unclear clinical diagnosis in history, which should be treated objectively now.

Connotation of Shenqi Pills based on severe cases in cardiovascular care unit and modern pathophysiological mechanism and application of Shenqi Pills for heart failure, renal failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and diuretic resistance in critical care medicine / 中国中药杂志

Shenqi Pills, first recorded in Essentials from the Golden Cabinet(Jin Kui Yao Lue) from ZHANG Zhong-jing in Han dynasty, have the effect of warming and tonifying the kidney Qi and are mainly used for the treatment of insufficiency of kidney Qi and kidney Yang. According to modern medicine, kidney Qi involves heart function, kidney function, immune function, and so on. The clinical indications of Shenqi Pills include kidney deficiency, abnormal fluid, and abnormal urination, and the last one is classified into little urine, much urine, and dysuria. In clinical settings, Shenqi Pills can be applied for the treatment of heart failure, renal failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and diuretic resistance, as well as endocrine, urological, orthopedic, and other chronic degenerative diseases. Shenqi Pills are ideal prescriptions for the weak constitution and emergency treatment. It is of great value and significance to carry out in-depth research on the connotation of the classic articles by integrating TCM and western medicine based on "pathogenesis combined with pathology and drug properties combined with pharmacology".

Les syndromes coronariens aigus chez les patients COVID-19: à propos de trois cas au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville, au Gabon / Acute coronary syndromes in COVID-19 patients : about three cases in the Libreville University Hospital Center, in Gabon

Introduction : Les thromboses artérielles, notamment coronaires, font partie des nombreuses manifestations extrapulmonaires de l'infection au coronavirus SARSCoV-2 dans les pays industrialisés. Cas cliniques: Ce travail rapporte trois observations de patients hospitalisés au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville pour lesquels un diagnostic de syndrome coronarien aigu avait été retenu dans un contexte de Covid-19 durant la période allant du 1er mai au 30 septembre 2020. La première rapporte l'échec d'une thrombolyse avec la formation précoce d'un thrombus intraventriculaire gauche chez un patient de 59 ans ayant présenté un syndrome coronaire aigu antérieur étendu. Cette évolution particulière témoigne du caractère hautement inflammatoire et prothrombogène de la Covid-19. Les deux autres observations mettent l'accent sur les présentations parfois atypiques et les difficultés diagnostiques des syndromes coronariens aigus dans cette situation à Libreville. Conclusion : Le diagnostic et la prise en charge des syndromes coronariens aigus sont complexes dans le contexte d'infection à SARSCoV-2 dans nos régions

Introduction: Arterial thrombosis, particularly coronary thrombosis, is one of the many extrapulmonary manifestations of infection with the SARSCoV-2 coronavirus in industrialized countries. Clinical cases: This work reports three observations of patients hospitalized at the Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville for whom a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome had been made in Covid-19 during the period from May 1 to September 30, 2020. The first reports a thrombolysis failure with early formation of a left intraventricular thrombus in a 59-year-old patient with extensive anterior acute coronary syndrome. This particular evolution demonstrates the highly inflammatory and prothrombogenic context of Covid-19.The other two observations focus on the atypical presentations and the diagnostic difficulties of acute coronary syndromes in this infectious atmosphere in Libreville. Conclusion: The diagnosis and management of acute coronary syndromes are difficult in the context of SARSCoV-2 infection in our regions.

Amlexanox Exhibits Cardioprotective Effects in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats

Abstract Cardiorenal syndrome is a life-threatening condition. The aim of the current study was to determine the cardioprotective effects of amlexanox in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham, 5/6 nephrectomized rats, and amlexanox-treated 5/6 nephrectomized group. Amlexanox (25 mg/kg/day, i.p.) administration was started just after surgery and continued for 10 weeks. After treatment, kidney function (serum creatinine and urea) and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were measured. Heart weight (normalized to tibial length) and fibrosis area percentage were measured. Serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP, heart failure marker) and cardiac levels of ß1-adrenergic receptor (ß1AR), ß-arrestin-2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), diacylglycerol (DAG), pS473 Akt (a survival marker), and caspase-3 activity (an apoptosis marker) were also measured. The 5/6 nephrectomy caused renal impairment, cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, and heart failure indicated by down- regulation of cardiac ß1AR down-stream signals compared with those in the sham group. Interestingly, amlexanox significantly reduced all cardiopathological changes induced after 10 weeks of 5/6 nephrectomy. Amlexanox showed potent cardiac antifibrotic and antiapoptotic effects in 5/6 nephrectomized rats, which were associated with reduced heart failure. To our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses the potent in vivo cardioprotective effects of amlexanox

Síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 em região de baixo desenvolvimento: comparação entre os critérios akin e kdigo, necessidade de diálise e mortalidade / Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure patients in a low-income region in brazil: incidence of acute kidney injury (akin and kdigo criteria), need for dialysis and mortality

Resumo Fundamento: A síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 associa-se a maior mortalidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). No entanto, há escassez de publicações comparando critérios diagnósticos de lesão renal aguda (LRA). Objetivos: Analisar o perfil clinicofuncional de pacientes com IC e fatores associados a ocorrência de lesão renal aguda (LRA). Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, em hospital terciário de região com baixo desenvolvimento econômico que incluiu pacientes com IC descompensada ou infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) recente, sendo avaliadas características clínicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficas comparativamente em pacientes com e sem LRA classificada pelos critérios Acute Kidney Network (AKIN) e Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Nível de significância estatística com valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: Entre 81 pacientes, 61,73% evoluíram com LRA. A média de creatinina foi 1,79±1,0 mg/dL e de ureia 81,5±46,0 mg/dL, sendo maior no grupo com LRA (p < 0,05). Não foi evidenciada relação entre alterações cardíacas e redução da função renal. A doença renal crônica se associou a maior ocorrência de LRA (38% x 3,23% sem LRA, p = 0,001). Não houve diferença do KDIGO com relação ao critério AKIN. Os pacientes que desenvolveram LRA apresentaram maior mortalidade (32% x 9,8% no grupo sem LRA, p = 0,04, com odds ratio (OR) de 8,187 e intervalo de confiança 1,402-17,190, p = 0,020). Conclusão: Nessa casuística de pacientes com IC, a ocorrência de LRA foi elevada e foi fator de risco independente de mortalidade. As alterações cardíacas não se associaram à ocorrência de LRA, e os critérios diagnósticos KDIGO e AKIN apresentaram performance similar.

Abstract Background: Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome is associated with higher mortality in heart failure patients. However, few studies have compared the diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this population. Objective: To assess clinical and functional features and factors associated AKI in patients with heart failure. Method: Retrospective, cohort study on patients with decompensated heart failure or recent acute myocardial infarction, conducted in a tertiary hospital in a low-income region of Brazil. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features were compared between patients with and without AKI according to the Acute Kidney Network (AKIN) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of 81 patients, 61.73% had AKI. Mean creatinine and urea levels were 1.79±1.0 mg/dL and 81.5±46.0 mg/dL, respectively, and higher in the group with AKI (p < 0.05). No evidence of a relationship between cardiac changes and reduced renal function. Chronic renal disease was associated with higher prevalence of AKI. Higher mortality was observed in patients with AKI than in patients without AKI (32.0% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.04, OR 8.187 ad 95% confidence interval 1.402-17.190, p = 0.020). Conclusion: In this population of patients with heart failure, AKI was highly prevalent and considered an independent risk factor for mortality. Cardiac changes were not associated with AKI, and the KDIGO and AKIN criteria showed similar performance.

Agudización del síndrome cardiorrenal V en un paciente con COVID-19 / Worsening of cardiorenal syndrome V in a patient with COVID-19

RESUMEN Durante el mes de diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, se detectaron un número de pacientes con enfermedad respiratoria aguda de origen no conocido con evolución desfavorable, identificándose el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 como agente causal, más conocido por causar enfermedades respiratorias agudas, con neumonía intersticial y alveolar, con afectación a múltiples órganos y sistemas (sistema cardiovascular, tracto gastrointestinal, sistema hematológico, sistema nervioso y riñones). La intervención con terapias de remplazo renal en la lesión renal aguda grado III, o en la enfermedad renal crónica grado IV o V es frecuente en estos enfermos como parte del tratamiento establecido en los protocolos. Se presentó la evolución de un paciente con antecedentes de: diabetes mellitus 2, hipertensión arterial, insuficiencia cardíaca y enfermedad renal crónica, aspectos que desencadenaron un síndrome cardiorrenal V, el cual se agudizó con la exposición al virus SARS-CoV-2; fue tratado con hemodiálisis convencional.

ABSTRACT During the month of December 2019 in Wuhan, China, a number of patients with acute respiratory disease of unknown origin with unfavorable evolution were detected, identifying the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus as the causal agent, better known for causing acute respiratory diseases, with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia, affecting multiple organs and systems (cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, hematological system, nervous system and kidneys). Intervention with renal replacement therapies in grade III acute kidney injury, or in grade IV or V chronic kidney disease is frequent in these patients as part of the treatment established in the protocols. The evolution of a male patient with antecedents of type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease was presented, aspects that triggered a cardiorenal syndrome V, which worsened with exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus; he was treated with conventional hemodialysis.

Fatores associados à síndrome cardiorrenal em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada / Factores asociados al síndrome cardiorrenal en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada / Factors associated with cardiorenal syndrome in patients with decompensated heart failure

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) crônica descompensada e sua associação com os dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, achados admissionais, mortalidade e tempo de hospitalização. Método: Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi constituída por 379 prontuários de pacientes adultos com o diagnóstico médico de IC crônica descompensada, admitidos em hospital público no estado de São Paulo, ao longo de 2015. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2016. A disfunção renal foi considerada em pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de doença renal crônica (DRC) pela taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) < 89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Testes com valor de p menor ou igual a 0,05 foram estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A prevalência da SCR foi de 54,1%, sendo 24,8% do tipo 1 e 29,3% do tipo 2. Os principais fatores associados à SCR foram: maior média de idade, mulheres, IC de etiologia isquêmica, menor fração de ejeção, portadores de diabetes mellitus, doença arterial coronariana, uso de estimuladores cardíacos artificiais, hipotireoidismo e doença de Chagas, bem como o perfil hemodinâmico de descompensação da IC nos tipos C e L. Destacam-se, ainda, inapetência, sonolência, estertores na ausculta respiratória, alteração na perfusão tissular, redução do débito urinário, com aumento dos níveis séricos de potássio, ureia e creatinina na avaliação clínica inicial. Os pacientes com disfunção renal apresentaram maior mortalidade, sem diferença significativa quanto ao tempo de hospitalização. Conclusão: Houve alta prevalência da SCR em pacientes com IC crônica descompensada, associada à maior mortalidade e diversos indicadores clínicos.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia del síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) crónica descompensada y su relación con los datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y descubiertos en la admisión, la mortalidad y el tiempo de hospitalización. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 379 historias clínicas de pacientes adultos con diagnóstico médico de IC crónica descompensada, ingresados en hospital público en el estado de São Paulo, durante 2015. La recolección de datos se realizó en 2016. La disfunción renal fue considerada en pacientes con diagnóstico previo de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) por el índice de filtración glomerular (IFG) < 89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Pruebas con un valor de p menor o igual a 0,05 fueron estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: La prevalencia del SCR fue del 54,1 %, del cual el 24,8 % fue de tipo 1 y el 29,3 % de tipo 2. Los principales factores asociados al SCR fueron: mayor promedio de edad, mujeres, IC de etiología isquémica, menor fracción de eyección, portadores de diabetes mellitus, enfermedad arterial coronaria, uso de estimuladores cardíacos artificiales, hipotiroidismo y enfermedad de Chagas, así como también el perfil hemodinámico de descompensación de la IC en el tipo C y L. Además, se destacan la inapetencia, somnolencia, estertores en la auscultación pulmonar, alteración en la perfusión tisular, reducción del flujo urinario, con aumento del nivel en sangre de potasio, urea y creatinina en la evaluación clínica inicial. Los pacientes con disfunción renal presentaron mayor mortalidad, sin diferencia significativa con relación al tiempo de hospitalización. Conclusión: Se observó una alta prevalencia del SCR en pacientes con IC crónica descompensada, relacionada con una mayor mortalidad y diversos indicadores clínicos.

Abstract Objective: to identify cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) prevalence in patients with decompensated chronic heart failure (HF) and its association with sociodemographic and clinical data, admission findings, mortality and length of hospital stay. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 379 medical records of adult patients with a medical diagnosis of decompensated chronic HF admitted to a public hospital in the state of São Paulo, throughout 2015. Data collection occurred in 2016. Kidney failure was considered in patients with a previous diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Tests with a p value less than or equal to 0.05 were statistically significant. Results: CRS prevalence was 54.1%, with 24.8% being type 1 and 29.3% being type 2. The main factors associated with CRS were: higher mean age; women; HF of ischemic etiology; lower ejection fraction; people with diabetes mellitus; coronary artery disease; artificial cardiac stimulator use; hypothyroidism and Chagas disease; hemodynamic profile of HF decompensation in types C and L. Also noteworthy are inappetence, drowsiness, rales on respiratory auscultation, alteration in tissue perfusion, decreased urine output, with increased serum levels of potassium, urea and creatinine in the initial clinical assessment. Patients with kidney failure had higher mortality, with no significant difference in length of hospital stay. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of CRS in patients with decompensated chronic HF, associated with higher mortality and several clinical indicators.

Síndrome cardiorrenal: aspectos clínicos y ecocardiográficos / Cardiorenal syndrome: Clinical and echocardiographic aspects

Resumen El síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) es un trastorno en el que intervienen el corazón y los riñones, interactuando y produciendo una disfunción entre ellos en forma aguda o crónica. Existen diferentes fenotipos clínicos bien identificados como «desórdenes del corazón y riñón en los que la disfunción aguda o crónica en un órgano induce la disfunción aguda o crónica del otro¼. La alta incidencia de morbimortalidad cardiovascular presente en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT), en especial la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), origina inicialmente una lesión miocárdica que conlleva remodelamiento ventricular, lo cual induce a la activación de mecanismos compensadores, entre los cuales el riñón es pieza fundamental, ya que regula la homeostasis hidroelectrolítica y así el volumen circulante, siendo esto en la etapa dialítica más evidente. Los cambios funcionales y anatómicos cardiovasculares que se producen en estos pacientes son muy prevalentes e incluyen las interacciones hemodinámicas del corazón y los riñones en la insuficiencia cardiaca, y el impacto de la enfermedad aterosclerótica en ambos sistemas de órganos. También describimos estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas aplicables al síndrome cardiorrenal, que determinan la importancia de la ecocardiografía como modelo de diagnóstico útil. Finalmente, se analizan las posibilidades de tratamiento y la remisión de las alteraciones funcionales cardiacas con el trasplante renal en los pacientes con ERCT.

Abstract Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a disorder in which the heart and kidneys are involved, interacting and producing a dysfunction between them in an acute or chronic way. There are different clinical phenotypes well identified as "heart and kidney disorders in which acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ induces acute or chronic dysfunction in the other". The high incidence of cardiovascular morbimortality in patients with chronic terminal kidney disease (CKD), especially heart failure (HF), initially causes a myocardial lesion that leads to ventricular remodeling, which induces the activation of compensatory mechanisms, among which the kidney is a fundamental part since it regulates the hydroelectrolytic homeostasis and thus the circulating volume, being this in the dialytic stage more evident. The functional and anatomical changes at cardiovascular level that occur in these patients are very prevalent, and include hemodynamic interactions of the heart and kidneys in heart failure and the impact of atherosclerotic disease in both organ systems. We also describe diagnostic and therapeutic strategies applicable to cardiorenal syndrome, which determine the importance of echocardiography as a useful diagnostic model. Finally, we analyze the possibilities of treatment and remission of cardiac functional alterations with renal transplantation in patients with T-CKD.

Síndrome Cardiorrenal Aguda: Qual Critério Diagnóstico Utilizar e sua Importância para o Prognóstico? / Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome: Which Diagnostic Criterion to Use And What is its Importance for Prognosis?

Resumo A indefinição de critérios diagnósticos para síndrome cardiorrenal aguda (SCRA) impacta em diferentes resultados prognósticos. Objetivou-se avaliar os critérios diagnósticos da SCRA e o impacto no prognóstico. Procedeu-se à revisão sistemática utilizando-se a metodologia PRISMA e os critérios PICO nas bases MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS. A pesquisa incluiu artigos originais do tipo ensaio clínico, coorte, caso-controle e meta-análises publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 até junho de 2018. Não foi encontrada na literatura nem nas diretrizes de insuficiência cardíaca uma definição clara dos critérios diagnósticos da SCRA. O critério diagnóstico mais comumente utilizado é o aumento da creatinina sérica de pelo menos 0,3 mg/dl em relação à basal. Entretanto, existem controvérsias na definição de creatinina basal e de qual deveria ser a creatinina sérica de referência dos pacientes críticos. Esta revisão sistemática sugere que os critérios de SCRA devem ser revistos para que se inclua o diagnóstico de SCRA na admissão hospitalar. A creatinina sérica de referência deve refletir a função renal basal antes do início da injúria renal aguda.

Abstract The absence of a consensus about the diagnostic criteria for acute cardiorenal syndrome (ACRS) affects its prognosis. This study aimed at assessing the diagnostic criteria for ACRS and their impact on prognosis. A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA methodology and PICO criteria in the MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. The search included original publications, such as clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses, issued from January 1998 to June 2018. Neither literature nor heart failure guidelines provided a clear definition of the diagnostic criteria for ACRS. The serum creatinine increase by at least 0.3 mg/dL from baseline creatinine is the most used diagnostic criterion. However, the definition of baseline creatinine, as well as which serum creatinine should be used as reference for critical patients, is still controversial. This systematic review suggests that ACRS criteria should be revised to include the diagnosis of ACRS on hospital admission. Reference serum creatinine should reflect baseline renal function before the beginning of acute kidney injury.

Utilidad de la terapia de acuaféresis / Aquapheresis: ¿works?

Resumen La terapia de acuaféresis ha sido estudiada como una herramienta terapéutica para pacientes con sobrecarga de volumen refractaria al tratamiento con diuréticos de asa. Su objetivo principal es mitigar el impacto clínico de esta sobrecarga en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada y SCR, reconociendo de esta manera los balances acumulados positivos en los pacientes críticamente enfermos como un factor independiente de mortalidad. Se realizó una búsqueda en las principales bases de datos científicas sobre la terapia de acuaféresis. Se incluyeron guías de manejo, ensayos clínicos controlados, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Las bases bibliográficas que arrojaron resultados relevantes fueron Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed y SciELO y en total se encontraron 47 referencias bibliográficas publicadas entre 2005 y 2017. La acuaféresis es una terapia de ultrafiltración patentada que mejora la sobrecarga refractaria en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva. Hay brechas en el conocimiento en relación a su costo-efectividad, a los eventos adversos graves que se le atribuyen y a los candidatos que beneficia, por tanto, se requieren más estudios de calidad para llegar a conclusiones sólidas. Hasta el momento no hay evidencia contundente que respalde el uso sistemático y rutinario de la terapia de acuaféresis en las unidades de cuidado intensivo.

Abstract The therapy of Aquapheresis has been studied as a therapeutic tool for patients with volume overload refractory to treatment with ASA diuretics, whose main objective is to mitigate the clinical impact of the same in patients with decompensated heart failure and cardiorenal syndrome, recognizing positive cumulative balances in critically ill patients as a factor regardless of mortality. A search was made in the main scientific databases for review articles, and studies that included the Acuapheresis strategy. Bibliographic references were found in databases from 2005 to 2017. Aquapheresis therapy is a patented ultrafiltration therapy aimed at improving refractory overload in patients with congestive heart failure. There are gaps in knowledge regarding cost-effectiveness therapy, real adverse adverse event relationships attributable to it and candidates will benefit, and we believe that more quality studies are required to reach solid conclusions. So far there is no compelling evidence to support Aquapheresis therapy to implement its routine and routine use of the ICU.

Association between lipoprotein (a) level and chronic cardio-renal syndrome in elderly patients / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship between lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and chronic cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) in elderly patients. Methods: Chronic heart failure (CHF) patients age ≥ 65 years old, who hospitalized in the department of Cardiology of Hebei General Hospital from December 2017 to October 2019, were included in this study. According to the estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level, patients were divided into CRS group (eGFR<60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2) and CHF group (eGFR ≥60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2). The blood index and basic disease information were collected and compared. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by echocardiography. The correlation between clinical indicators and cardio-renal function (LVEF and eGFR) was assessed. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the related risk factors of CRS in elderly patients; subgroup logistic regression analysis was performed according to the basic disease of patients to assess the relationship between Lp(a) and CRS. Results: A total of 172 elderly patients (85 males (49.4%), aged 79 (71, 84) years) were finally enrolled. Among them, 88 cases (51.2%) were in CRS group and 84 cases (48.8%) were in CHF group. Age (80 (74, 84) years old vs. 74 (70, 82) years old) and LP (a) levels (222.0 (112.0, 445.3) mg/L vs. 155.0 (97.0, 348.7) mg/L) were significantly higher in the CRS group than in the CHF group (P<0.05). Lp(a) levels were negatively correlated with LVEF (r=-0.155, P=0.043) and eGFR (r=-0.220, P=0.004) in total cohort. In the subgroup analysis of patients with 2 high-incidence basic diseases (coronary heart disease and hypertension), Lp(a) was negatively correlated with LVEF (r=-0.250, P=0.007) in the coronary heart disease group, and negatively correlated with eGFR (r=-0.233, P=0.013) in the hypertension group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.069, 95%CI: 1.017-1.124, P= 0.009) and Lp(a) (OR = 3.719, 95%CI: 1.339-10.326, P = 0.012) were independent correlates of CRS. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that Lp(a) was an independent correlative factor of CRS in the subgroups of coronary heart disease (OR=3.207, 95%CI: 1.129-9.108, P=0.029) and hypertension (OR=3.054, 95%CI: 1.086-8.587, P=0.034). Conclusion: Serum Lp(a) level is independently related with CRS in elderly patients.

Cardiorenal syndrome

To maintain homeostasis of the cardiovascular system, the heart and kidney act bidirectionally. Therefore, acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ can cause dysfunction in the other. This phenomenon is characterized as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Concurrent dysfunction of the heart and kidney adversely affects one another and eventually worsens patient outcomes through a vicious cycle. Although a CRS classification system has been proposed, the underlying pathophysiology is multifactorial and clinical access continues to be difficult. Although several therapies, including agents that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, have been utilized, there is not enough evidence to demonstrate their effectiveness for CRS. Thus, more effort should be made to optimize the diagnosis and treatment strategies for CRS patients. This review will introduce CRS as it is currently understood, discuss the pathophysiology, and examine management strategies.

Hepcidin as a Biomarker of Cardiorenal Syndrome

No abstract available.

Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome in a patient with an acute infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in the Brazilian Amazon region - a case report

Abstract Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS 1) occurs when acute heart failure leads to acute kidney injury. There are several etiologies of CRS 1, including Chagas disease. Here, we present the first case report of CRS 1 in a patient with acute Chagas disease. Electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed signs of acute myocarditis. Laboratory examination revealed severe loss of kidney function, with a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min, which fully normalized after treatment. Due to emergence of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon, it is important to report unique clinical features in order to improve patients' outcomes.

Biomarkers of cardio-renal syndrome in uremic myocardiopathy animal model / Biomarcadores de síndrome cardiorrenal em modelo animal de miocardiopatia urêmica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardio-renal syndrome subtype 4 (CRS4) is a condition of primary chronic kidney disease that leads to reduction of cardiac function, ventricular hypertrophy, and risk of cardiovascular events. Objective: Our aim was to understand the mechanisms involved on the onset of CRS4. Methods: We used the nephrectomy 5/6 (CKD) animal model and compared to control (SHAM). Serum biomarkers were analyzed at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks. After euthanasia, histology and immunohistochemistry were performed in the myocardium. Results: Troponin I (TnI) was increased at 4 weeks (W) and 8W, but nt-proBNP showed no difference. The greater diameter of cardiomyocytes indicated left ventricular hypertrophy and the highest levels of TNF-α were found at 4W declining in 8W while fibrosis was more intense in 8W. Angiotensin expression showed an increase at 8W. Conclusions: TnI seems to reflect cardiac injury as a consequence of the CKD however nt-proBNP did not change because it reflects stretching. TNF-α characterized an inflammatory peak and fibrosis increased over time in a process connecting heart and kidneys. The angiotensin showed increased activity of the renin-angiotensin axis and corroborates the hypothesis that the inflammatory process and its involvement with CRS4. Therefore, this animal study reinforces the need for renin-angiotensin blockade strategies and the control of CKD to avoid the development of CRS4.

RESUMO Introdução: A síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) tipo 4 é uma afecção da doença renal crônica primária que leva a redução da função cardíaca, hipertrofia ventricular e risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender os mecanismos envolvidos no surgimento da SCR tipo 4. Métodos: Um modelo animal de nefrectomia 5/6 (DRC) foi comparado a animais de controle (Placebo). Biomarcadores séricos foram analisados no início do estudo e com quatro e oito semanas de estudo. Após eutanásia, foram realizados exames histológicos e de imunoistoquímica no tecido miocárdico. Resultados: Troponina I (TnI) estava aumentada nas semanas quatro (S4) e oito (S8), mas o NT-proBNP não apresentou diferenças. O diâmetro maior dos cardiomiócitos indicava hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Os níveis mais elevados de TNF-α foram identificados na S4 com redução na S8, enquanto fibrose foi mais intensa na S8. A expressão de angiotensina mostrou elevação na S8. Conclusões: TnI parece sugerir lesões cardíacas em consequência da DRC, porém o NT-proBNP não sofreu alterações por refletir alongamento. O TNF-α evidenciou um pico inflamatório e a fibrose aumentou ao longo do tempo devido ao processo de conexão entre rins e coração. A angiotensina mostrou aumento da atividade do eixo renina-angiotensina, corroborando a hipótese do processo inflamatório e seu envolvimento com SCR tipo 4. Portanto, o presente estudo em modelo animal reforça a necessidade de em adotar estratégias com bloqueadores de renina-angiotensina e controle da DRC para evitar o desenvolvimento de SCR tipo 4.

Síndrome cardiorrenal. Una revisión / Cardio-renal syndrome. A review

La presente revisión analiza los síndromes cardiorrenales tipo 1 y 2, que se desarrollan a partir de la afectación cardíaca, siendo el compromiso renal consecuencia de la misma, destacando la profunda interacción entre ambos órganos. Se estudian la epidemiología, la fisiopatología, los aspectos diagnósticos y los pilares del tratamiento de cada uno de ellos, considerando los diferentes ensayos clínicos que aportan la evidencia fundamental para el manejo de los pacientes. Se destacan los diversos factores involucrados en su génesis: hemodinámicos, inflamatorios, neurohumorales, iatrogénicos. Se aborda el cuestionamiento de su existencia como una entidad real, tal como se define y estudia actualmente, quedando planteada la necesidad de progresar en el conocimiento de sus aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Se destaca finalmente la importancia de desarrollar medidas preventivas del daño que pueda provocar un órgano sobre el otro y de los demás factores involucrados.

This review analyzes the cardio-renal syndromes type 1 and 2, which develop from cardiac involvement with renal involvement being a consequence of it, highlighting the strong interaction between both organs. The epidemiology, the pathophysiology, the diagnostic aspects, and the pillars of the treatment of each of them are studied, considering the different clinical trials that provide the evidence for their management. It highlights the various factors involved in its genesis: hemodynamic, inflammatory, neurohumoral and iatrogenic. The controversy of its existence as a real entity, as it is currently defined and studied, is addressed, and the need to progress in the knowledge of its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects is raised. Finally, the importance of developing preventive measures of damage that one organ may cause over the other and of the other involved factors, is highlighted.

Tolvaptán en un caso de síndrome cardiorrenal pediátrico: ¿Cuál es su papel? / Tolvaptan in a pediatric cardiorenal syndrome: What is its role?

El síndrome cardiorrenal se define como la asociación de insuficiencia renal y cardíaca de forma aguda o crónica. Se establece una resistencia a los diuréticos convencionales que hace difícil el manejo de estos niños. El tolvaptán, un antagonista de los receptores de vasopresina, ha sido empleado con éxito en adultos, aunque la experiencia en niños es muy limitada. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 5 años en lista de trasplante cardíaco que padecía síndrome cardiorrenal. Había tenido una hospitalización prolongada con buena respuesta a dosis mínimas de tolvaptán (0,1 mg/kg/día). Se analizaron las curvas de urea, creatinina, sodio y volumen urinario, y se evidenció una mejoría llamativa en la función renal. Al cuarto día de haber iniciado el tratamiento, se le pudo dar el alta con seguimiento ambulatorio y buena evolución hasta el trasplante. El tolvaptán podría considerarse una opción de tratamiento en niños con resistencia a diuréticos convencionales e insuficiencia cardíaca, especialmente, cuando presentan insuficiencia renal.

The cardiorenal syndrome has been defined as a situation in which therapy to relieve congestive symptoms of heart failure is limited by a decreased renal function. The resistance to conventional diuretic treatment makes difficult managing these patients. Tolvaptan, a selective vasopressin-2 receptor antagonist, has been used successfully in adults with this pathology but the experience with children is very limited. A five-year-old girl with renal failure waiting for a heart transplant is presented. Tolvaptan (0.1 mg/kg/day) was started at very low dosage, resulting in an excellent response. We analyzed the creatinine, urea, urine volume and sodium evolution. Renal function also improved. She could be discharged after four days of treatment (156 days of hospitalization) with ambulatory favourable follow-up until heart transplant. Tolvaptan should be considered in pediatric cases of conventional diuretic-resistant congestive heart failure, especially when complicated by kidney disease.